Kuliah Dek Rizky Psikologi

Reliability and validity of observation

• Reliability of observation : Complexity of target behavior and training observers
• Validity of observation : mechanics of rating, observer error, reactivity, ecological validity

Behavioral Assessment

• SORC Model ( Kanfer and Philips, 1970 )
• Stimulus ( S )
• Organism ( O )
• Response ( R )
• Consequence ( C )
• Functional analysis ( ABC Model ) ( Skinner, 1953 )
• Antecedent event ( A )
• Behavior ( B )
• Consequence (C ) Read the rest of this entry »

P = f/n

S = bb + {( 0,50 – Pkb)/p } x i

Pkt = 1/2 p + pkb

Validitas di konsepskan sebagai sejauh mana tes mampu mengukur atribut yang seharusnya di ukur. Suatu alat ukur yang tinggi validitasnya akan menghasilkan eror pengukuran yang kecil artinya skor setiap subjek yang diperoleh alat ukur tersebut tidak jauh berbeda dari skor sesungguhnya.

Ada 3 konteks validitas dalam psikologi :

1. Validitas penelitian
   Derajat kesesuaian hasil penelitian dengan keadaan aktual.
   Ada 2 sisi validitas ini :
   Validitas Internal : Mempersoalkan kesesuaian data hasil penelitian dengan keadaan aktual -> disimpulkan dari data data yg didapat; di perlukan instrument pengambilan data harus andal
   Validitas Eksternal : mempersoalkan kesesuaian data generalisasi hasil penelitian dengan keadaan aktual, diperlukan teknik samplingnya harus andal
2. Validitas soal
   Derajat kesesuaian antara suatu soal dengan perangkat soal lain
   Ukuran valid soal adalah korelasi antara skor pada perangkat soal
   Isi valid soal adalah daya pembeda soal
   Valid soal bukan validitas tes
3. Validitas test
   Derajat fungsi mengukur suatu test / derajat kecermatan ukur suatu tes
   ukuran validitas tes adalah arah isi, arah rekaan teoritis dan arah kriteria alat ukur
   Ada 3 kriteria : Content validity, construct validity, and criterion validity

Tipe Validitas

1. Validitas isi
   Menunjukkan sejauh mana item item dalam tes mencakup keseluruhan kawasan isi yang hendak di ukur.
   Dilakukan dengan melihat apakah item item telah ditulis sesuai dengan blue print
2. Validitas konstrak
   Menunjukan sejauh mana test mengukur konstrak / trait yang hendak di ukur

Techniques of interview :

• Interviewer attitude : acceptance, understanding, sincerity
• Five types of interview questions : open – ended, facilitative, clarifying, comforting, direct.

Reliability of interview :

• Reliability :
• Information variance : refer to the variation in the questions the clinicians ask, the observation that are made during the interview, and the method of integrating the information that is obtained.
• Criterion variance : refer to variation scoring thresholds among clinicans
• Two types of reliability : Interrater or interjudge reliability, test – retest reliability

Validity of interview

• content validity
• Criterion – related validity
• Discriminant validity
• Construct validity Read the rest of this entry »

Phases in clinical assessment :

• Groth – marmat ( 2003 ) :
• Evaluating the referral questions
• Acquiring knowledge relating to the content of the problem
• Data collection
• Interpreting the data
• Conceptual validity ( Maloney , and Ward, 1976 )

The clinical assessment process

• Nietzel, Bernstein, and Millich ( 2003 ) :
• A Schematic view of the clinical assessment process
• I => Planning, data, collection, procedure.
• II => Collecting, assessment, data
• III => Data, processing and hypothesis formation
• IV => Communicating assessment data

Planning for assessment :

• What do want to know?
• Assessment levels :
• Somatic
• Physical
• Demographic
• Overt behavior
• Cognitive / intellectual
• Emotional / Affective
• Environmental

Factors guiding assessment choices

• theoretical Model
• Reliability and Validity
• Clinician’s assessment specific factors ( personal preferences, training experiences )
• Clinician’s assessment strategy ( bandwidth – fidelity issues ) Read the rest of this entry »

Clinical observation assessment

• Goals :
• Collect informational that is not available in any other way
• Supplement other data as part of a multiple assessment approach

Benefits of observational assessment

• Supplementing self – reports
• Highlighting situational determinants of behavior : signs vs samples
• Minimizing inference
• Enhancing ecological validity

Observational method

• Selection : people , classes of behavior, events, situations, time
• Provocation : provoke or wait
• Recording : observer memory, record sheet, audio or videotape, physiological monitoring system, timers, counters
• Encording : most difficult : a system for encoding raw observations into usable form must be developed

Approach to observational assessment

• Naturalistic vs controlled observation
• Participants vs non participants : Complete observer, Observer as participant, participant as observer, complete participant Read the rest of this entry »